托福写作指南

托福写作指南

（一）题型概述

  • 综合写作

时间：20 min

字数：150-225

  • 讨论写作

时间：9 min

字数：at least 100

内容：教授讲一段话，两个学生唱黑白脸，你要发表你的观点

在此题型中，考生应当：

  1. 对题目材料中的内容进行回应，或以此为基础表达观点；
  2. 明确陈述、阐述立场或论点 ;
  3. 在学术环境中，准确而有意义地使用一系列语法结构和词汇 ;
  4. 该题型将以同样的信度和效度，在短时间内测试出语言熟练程度。

（二）综合写作

考试顺序：

Read (3 minutes)
Listen to a lecture (2-3 minutes)
Write (150-225words/20 minutes)

考试指令
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they .
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage.

例：

文本：

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In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.

Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by that decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine,” to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.

听力：

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**Professor**  

Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.  

On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride” . . . they didn’t contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.  

Another finding was that some projects just didn’t move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to *this* story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.

答案

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The lecture that followed the paragraph on the team work in organizations gave some negative views of the team work itself.  

Firstly, though it was said in the paragraph that the whole team idea would probably be faster than the individual work, it was said in the lecture just the opposite: it could actually be a lot slower. That is because team members would sometimes take more time than needed just to reach the same **conclusions**, or just even to simply decide where to go from a certain point to the next.  

Secondly, the paragraph suggests that doing work as a team might give you an “edge,” but the lecture suggests that that might also be a negative thing as well. The people who made themselves leaders in the group may just be wrong in certain decisions, or just think something is so creative, when in reality it is not and it would not work. But the rest of the people would nevertheless still follow them, and end up not doing well at all.  

And lastly, the paragraph says that everyone feels responsible for their own part, and all together they are more effective as a team. The lecture suggests quite the opposite in this case as well. It suggests that some team members are there only for the “free ride,” and they don’t do much of anything to contribute, but still get the credit as a whole.

答案二：

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The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real.  

First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard were not given the recognition they should have gotten. In other words, they weren't given the opportunity to “shine.” This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.  

Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another part where experience contradicted theory.  

Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influential people are going in the right direction, there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might be less flexible in thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed.

答案三：

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The lecturer provides the opposite opinion concerning what the article offered. Teamwork often brings negative effects. As we all know superficially, teamwork and team spirits are quite popular in today's business world and also fashionable terms.  

However, the lecturer finds deeper and hidden results.  

Firstly, the working results of team members can't be fully valued. For example, if a team member does nothing in the process of team discussion, decision-making, and final practice, his or her work delinquency will not be recognized because we only emphasize teamwork. Also, the real excellent and creative member's work might be obliterated for the same reason.  

Secondly, teamwork might lose its value when team members are led by several influential people in the group. One of the essential merits of a team is to avoid individual mistakes. But one or two influential or persuasive people can make the team useless.  

Thirdly, teamwork often becomes an excuse for avoiding responsibility. All are in charge, yet nobody cares.  

All in all, what we should do is fully distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of a concept or widely used method. That is to keep common sense.

1. 辩论式模板 1：

Section Content
Introduction & Main Topic The lecture apparently refutes the points illustrated in the reading passage. According to the professor, 听力中的总论点. On the contrary, the reading takes an opposite stand that 阅读中的总论点.
Sub-topic 1 First, 第一个分论点. For example, 例证/ Main reason is that 原因论述. The reading material, however, states a sharply contrasting view that 阅读中的观点.
Sub-topic 2 Second, 第二个分论点. For example, 例证/ Main reason is that 原因论述. This perspective is in opposition to the reading, which holds that 阅读中的观点.
Sub-topic 3 Third, 第三个分论点. For example, 例证/ Main reason is that 原因论述. The reading material, by contrast, argues that 阅读中的观点.

2. 辩论式模板 2：

Section Content
Introduction & Main Topic The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that 听力中的总观点. OR: The reading passage puts forward a perspective that ………, whereas in the lecture the professor thinks the idea is untenable, saying / arguing that ……… OR: The reading passage discusses ……… and maintains that ……… In the lecture, however, the professor makes an argument to the contrary. He/she says ………
Sub-topic 1 Contrary to the belief in the passage that 阅读中的观点, the professor says that 第一个分论点. For example, 例证/ Main reason is that 原因论述.
Sub-topic 2 One further point the professor mentions is that 第二个分论点. For example, 例证/ Main reason is that 原因论述. This opinion is in sharp contrast to the reading passage which asserts that 阅读中的观点.
Sub-topic 3 The professor also offers a different viewpoint with regard to / in respect of 第三个分论点. For example, 例证/ Main reason is that 原因论述.

3. 支持式模板：

Section Content
Introduction & Main topic The lecture apparently reinforces the points illustrated in the reading material. According to the professor, _____ . Meanwhile, the reading contends a similar stand that _____ .
Sub-topic 1 The first point the professor uses to corroborate the reading is that _____ ,
Sub-topic 2 Another evidence the speaker points out to bolster up the passage is _____ . Likewise, the reading states that _____ .
Sub-topic 3 Lastly, the lecturer claims that _____ , which is compatible with the reading material.

（三）讨论写作提分点

1. 审题完整性

例一：

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Dr Who：
It is necessary to find an effective way to change crimianls.
Tom：
We should sending them to prison.
Jerry：
Education and training are better.

只能写改变犯罪分子
社会稳定不能写
补偿受害人不能写

例二：

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Dr Who
Getting information is necessary for modern people.
Tom
Internet can be the better way to get information.
Jerry
Newspaper is still the better choice

只能写获取信息
环保不能写
健康不能写
省钱不能写

例三：

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Dr Who
In many countries, women can join the armed forces. What’s your opinion?
Tom
Only men should be members of the army, navy and air force.
Jerry
Women can play an important role in the army.

突出女性的属性
仔细认真
体质较弱

例四：

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Dr Who
Art classes are important and should be made compulsory in high school.
Tom
It is necessary.
Jerry
It is not necessary.

突出高中生的属性
高考升学
压力较大

例五：

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Dr Who
People should go to remote places such as North Pole.
Tom
It is meaningful.
Jerry
It is meaningless.

突出北极的属性

例六：

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Dr Who
Nowadays, people tend to buy more electronic devices like microwave oven.
Tom
It is a positive development.
Jerry
It is a negative development

突出微波炉的属性

例七：

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Dr Who
For a person to succeed in career, skills gained through work can be more important than knowledge from study.
Tom
Skills can be more important.
Jerry
Knowledge can be more important

比较工作技能和学校知识

例八：

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Dr Who
Movies and television have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.
Tom
They have more positive effects.
Jerry
They have more negative effects.

比较积极影响和消极影响

2. 逻辑连贯性

  • 连词衔接
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__, and __.
__, but __.
__, so __.
-__, hence __.（正式）
-__, therefore, __.（总结）
  • 代词连接
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More and more people flood into big cities. This trend is related to a fact that __.
Many consumers tend to choose online shopping. This choice is because __.
Many parents believe playing video games can influence their children negatively.Such an opinion is questionable.
  • 介词衔接
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With the development of technologies, average people can shop online.
With lots of practice, students have better academic performance.
With an opinion that/of __, __.
Without the help from parents, it will be hard for children to fulfill their dreams.
Without the support from __, __.
By doing exercise, people can keep healthy.
  • 副词连接
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However=Conversely
In other words=Namely
As a result=Accordingly
  • 从句衔接
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__, which leads to a fact that __.=so
__, which roots from a fact that __.=because
__, which coincides with a fact that __.=and
  • 不定式衔接
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To begin with,
To be more specific,
  • 段落衔接
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First and foremost... (The first thing to be mentioned and presented here is that...)
Furthermore...
Last but not the least...
Here is a case in point that...
In a nutshell...
Firstly...
Secondly...
Thirdly...
For example...
In conclusion...

3. 语法准确性

1. 简单句

虚拟语气

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If did, would do.
If had done, would have done.
If would do, would do.

婉转语气（学术感）

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助动词
S tend to VO.
S incline to VO.
S be apt to VO.

插入语
S, more often than not, VO.
SVO, more often than not.
S, more or less, VO.
S, by and large, VO.
S, in one way or another, VO.

情态词
S can VO.
S could VO.
S would VO.

将 主动语态 改为 被动语态 （妙用 available）

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Many people can accept this new idea.
This idea can be accepted (by many people).

Many families have private cars.
Private cars are available to many families.

Many countries can get internet.
Internet is available to many countries.

一般时、完成时

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时间点：一般时
In 1990, the number of __ increased to 10 million.
In 2024, the number of __ increases to 10 million.
In 2040, the number of __ will increase to 10 million.

时间段（看终点）：完成时
Over the span of 10 years, the number of __ had increased to 10 million.
Over the span of 10 years, the number of __ has increased to 10 million.
Over the span of 10 years, the number of __ will have increased to 10 million.

否定结构

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用动词
Many people cannot accept this new idea.
Many people reject to accept this new idea.
Many people cannot understand this book.
Many people fail to understand this book.

用词缀
Many people are not willing to accept this opinion.
Many people are unwilling to accept this opinion.
Many people are not likely to help others.
Many people are unlikely to help others.

双重否定
Many people are likely to accept online shopping.
Few people are unlikely to accept online shopping.

There be结构

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原句：Many people pay attention to education.
改为：There is a trend to pay attention to education.

原句：Many students can get working experience by part-time jobs.
改为：There is a chance to get working experience by part-time jobs

倒装结构 -开头、结尾

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原句： Authorities should not neglect the problem of pollution.
改为：
By no means, should authorities neglect the problem of pollution.
In no way/case,
Under no circumstance,

固定搭配

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All students pay attention to the job market.
There are no students but pay attention to the job market.
Many students have to accept the reality.
Many students cannot but accept the reality.
Children should not eat junk food.
Eating junk food should be the last choice of children.
Parents must be patient of educating their children.
Parents cannot be too patient of educating their children.
Only a good policy can solve the problem.
None but a good policy can solve the problem.

2. 复合句

并列

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Some scientists believe there are intelligent life forms that may exist on other planets and we should send messages into the outer space.

While the Internet is convenient, it has many negative effects and its use for educational purposes should be restricted.

转折

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Traditionally, children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school, but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists.

Ambition is important for people who want success, but it should not be regarded as the only characteristic.

特殊：

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I love you.
-> I love you very much.
-> I love you rather than/instead of hating you.

Many universities tend to pay attention to academic knowledge rather than practical skills.
Many people want to buy a private car rather than (wanting to) take public transportation.
Rather than (wanting to) take public transportation, many people want to buy a private car.

3. 从句

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I think that __ because __ __, which ____.
It goes without saying that ……

形式主语从句

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- It goes without saying that __.
- It is acknowledged that __.
- It is widely accepted that __.

- There be 句型
- There is no denying the fact that __.

副词性从句

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- __ because __.
- __ not least because __.
- __ in that __.
- __, if __.
- __, provided/providing __.

形容词性从句

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__, which means that __.

物化主语

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- In some developed areas, __.
- Some developed areas have witnessed that __.
- In this new era, __.
- This new era has seen that __.

从句表条件

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- Many people want to buy private cars.
-> Many people, whether they are rich or not, want to buy private cars.
-> Many people, be they rich or not, want to buy private cars.

- Many people accept online shopping.
-> Many people, whether they are young or not, accept online shopping.
-> Many people, be they young or not, accept online shopping.

- Many people can neglect their friends.
-> Many people, whether they are on purpose or not, can neglect their friends.
-> Many people, be they on purpose or not, can neglect their friends.


4. 非谓语

非谓语做主语：

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Buying a car is the choice of many families.
taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.
Reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable


To protect environment is important.
To be a valuable member is not like learning a simple skill.
I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed.
To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish

非谓语做伴随状语

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Many people can accept the new law (which is) criticized by some experts.
Many people can accept the new law (which is) harmful to the environment.

Research, which relates to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life.

Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life.

If primary language teaching is not standardized, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake, which results in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains.

If primary language teaching is not standardized, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake, resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains.

4. 词汇多样性

1. 动词：细分词义（精确细致）

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Some people suppose that... but in fact,...

Some people believe that... but other people argue that...

In my opinion
From my perspective
I reckon that
As far as I am concerned

2. 动词：细化词性（生动形象）

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Improve=Modify=Better/Perfect
Increase=Balloon
Reflect=Mirror
Cloud sb’s eyes
Fire sb’s imagination
Pool the resources to
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1 We want to improve our education.
-We want to better/perfect our education.

2 Some people support this idea.
-Some people champion/back this idea.

3 Government should accumulate resources to solve this problem.
-Government should pool resources to solve this problem.

4 Government should pay attention to this problem.
-Government should center on this problem.

5 This trend can reflect the change of attitude.
-This trend can mirror the change of attitude.

6 Online education has high efficiency.
-Online education features high efficiency.

7 Teachers should inspire the imagination of students.
-Teachers should fire the imagination of students.

8 Government should have some policies to help poor people.
-Government should project/issue some policies to help poor people.

9 This phenomenon is criticized by many people.
-This phenomenon is stormed by many people.

10 Many children tend to depend on their parents.
-Many children tend to hinge on their parents.

3. 副词：详解程度

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Have a negative influence on sb
Influence sb negatively/positively/mentally/physically
Influence sth economically/culturally/traditionally
Affect
I firmly believe that
Some people constantly complain that
Be vitally important
Be relatively convenient
Be financially (dis)advantageous
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1 Our society has an increasingly widespread problem.
2 Parents should be probably responsible for their children.
3 Education is certainly beneficial to children.
4 Many families become economically (dis)advantageous.
5 The issue can influence children positively/negatively/mentally/physically/heavily.
6 The issue can influence a country financially/culturally/traditionally.
7 This trend does necessarily not have a good result.
8 The problem can be solved quickly/effectively/strategically.
9 This leads eventually/fortunately/unfortunately to a situation.
10 Pollution is mainly an urban problem.
11 Many people accept absolutely/undoubtedly this new idea.
12 Big cities develop considerably.
13 This should be definitely done.
14 This is relatively/truly convenient.
15 People constantly/continually complain that __.
16 I firmly believe that __.
17 Online education and traditional one are not mutually exclusive.
18 The second factor is equally reasonable.
19 This problem is vitally important.
20 The explanation is hardly reasonable.

4. 介词：巧用介词-简洁化

Up完结

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Go into-Burrow into
Go away-Be aloof away
Go back
Go on-Come on
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Give up放弃   Kill up杀光    Eat up      Drink up
Open up揭开   Tie up系紧     Cut up切断
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A be made of B=A consist of B
Make fun of sb
Make friends with/of sb
Take advantage of sb/sth
Make nothing of sb/sth=ignore
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Be confident of doing sth
Be patient of doing sth
Be proud of doing sth
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Look up to=respect
Look down on=despise
Look forward to=expect
Look back on=recall


5. 名词：多词互换

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Universities=Colleges=Academies=Institutes
Universities=These organizations=These places
Computers=Laptops
Computers=These (electronic) devices=These things
Internet=This media=This technology
Universities=Teachers
Government=Officials
Companies=Employers
Families=Parents
Young people=The young

6. 代词

避免指代不清: It/They
不要隔句指代: 1. 2. They __.
不用第二人称
You must
Do you understand?

7. 形容词

A suitable leader-proper/good
Crowded traffic-heavy
Unavoidable consequence

（四） 作文结构

观点 - 说理 - 举例

二选一模板：递进补充、真人真事

例一：

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Your professor is teaching a class on sociology.Write a post responding to the professor's question. In your response you should:
1. express and support your opinion
2. make a contribution to the discussion
An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Dr. Diaz：
Over the next few weeks, we are going to look at lots of different materials about the role of television programs and television watching in people's lives. But first, I want to know what you think about this topic. So here's a question for the class discussion board: What do you think is the most significant effect that watching television has on people? Why do you think television has this effect?

Kelly：
I know that one way that television influences people's behavior is that when you are watching television, you are not moving around or exercising. This is especially true for children. When children spend a lot of time watching television, they have a greater tendency to be overweight.

Paul：
I think the main effect that television has on people is to broaden their experience. There are so many programs devoted to nature and travel. Think of all the different places in the world you can experience through television! Last night I watched a program about life in Antarctica, and it was fascinating!

高分答案：

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In my opinion, Paul is right when he says that watching television might broaden your experience. By watching, for example, science programs, you can gain valuable insights into new topics. On the other hand, I think that a high percentage of people don't watch TV to increase their knowledge. I am of the opinion that many people watch TV in order to get distracted from their real lives. They watch films or series to be entertained and to forget problems they have at work or in their private lives. At least for me, this works well - for instance, if I am sad, I watch a comedy or a funny soap opera, and afterwards, I am in a better mood.

Therefore, I think that being entertained and distracted is the most significant effect of TV.

模板总结：

【 In my opinion, _ _ _ is right when he says _ _ _.】

【 Namely，进一步解释一下某方给出的原因（三点）】

【 On the other hand， 知易行难/不是所有人都能做到】

【 提出己方的新原因（but they are definitely）】

【 For instance, my cousin/I _ _ _ 】

【 Therefore, I think 重新声明己方主张 】

变式：

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Dr Who:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people can be the best choice for being leaders of companies.

Tom:
Young leaders have many new ideas.

Jerry:
Young leaders are inexperienced.

相同答法

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In my opinion, Tom is right when he says young leaders tend to have lots of new ideas rather than old ones.
Namely, they can _用新的理念招募人才_, _用新的方法拓宽市场_ and _用新的亮点吸引客户_. On the other hand,maybe not all young people are creative, but they are definitely willing to commit themselves to the job because they want to have a successful career. In this case, they will _花更多时间见客户_, _用更多精力和下属沟通_ and _ 用更多心血制定政策_. For instance, my cousin __. Therefore, I think young people can be the best choice for being leaders of companies for their industry.

变式二：

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Dr Who:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Food travelling thousand of miles from the farm to the consumers is a positive trend.
Tom:
Eating this kind of food is a new experience.
Jerry:
This kind of food can be not fresh.

类似答法

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In my opinion, Tom is right when he says eating food travelling thousand of miles can bring about a new experience. Namely, they may have _不一样的吃法_, _不一样的材料_ and _不一样的包装_. 
On the other hand,maybe not all foreign food can be exotic, but this trend plays a key role in helping consumers have food with high quality. Some people may argue that this is not the truth because food from different areas can have similar quality. In fact, every area has its distinct advantage in food production. In detail, _海南的海鲜质量好_, _广
东的蔬菜更好_ and _河南的猪肉更好_. Therefore, I think food travelling thousand of miles from the farm to the consumers is definitely a positive trend.

开放型模板：提出新点、数据调查

例题：

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Professor Henson:
When people are asked about the most important discoveries or inventions made in the last two hundred years, they usually mention something very obvious, like the computer or the cell phone. But there are thousands of other discoveries or inventions that have had a huge impact on how we live today. What scientific discovery or technological invention from the last 200 years-other than computers and cell phones would you choose as being important? Why?

Paul N:
I mean, we're so used to science and technology that we are not even aware of all the things we use in our daily lives. I would probably choose space satellites. This technology happened in the last hundred years, and it has become important for so many things. Just think about navigation, or telecommunications, or even the military.

Lena A
I am thinking about medical progress. Like, for example,when scientists discovered things about healthy nutrition. I am thinking of identifying all the vitamins we need to stay healthy. l am not sure exactly when the vitamin discoveries happened, but I know they are very important. Our health is much better than it was 200 years ago.

高分答案

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For me, the invention of the airplane, by Brazilian inventor Santos Dumont, is a good example of an important invention from the last two centuries. It made possible to connect different places even if they are thousands of miles away from one another. People can be in any place of the world within twenty-four hours or less from the time they get inside an airplane. This is fantastic! Also, the world trade becomes more efficient. You can eat fresh lobsters from northeastern Brazil even if you are in Dubai! I think that is really interesting. Since ancient Greece, men have wanted to fly like birds, and Mr. Dumont made it possible. And I am particularly proud of him because he was a Brazilian citizen, just like me. So, that's my opinion, I could show you some of my admiration for this great man and his beautiful invention.

变式一：

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Dr Who:
In times of economic crisis, local governments often reduce the money they spend in some areas. In your opinion, if a local government is facing economic problems, which area should it spend less money on?

Tom
We should spend less money on public transportation.
Jerry
We should spend less money on universities.
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For me, libraries are not indispensable to modern society. If we persist in maintaining regular libraries, they will definitely cost a lot. In detail, _不断地购置新书_, _场地建筑的维护_ and _工作人员的工资成本_. Fortunately, text materials can now be stored in digital form and maintaining a server with digital books costs much less.
According to a survey, __. For those reasons, it seems that libraries are less important to the operations of society, so we should choose to spend less money on it if we are ever presented with the dilemma of how to save money.

变式二：

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Dr Who
For teenagers, what is the most important to the teacher?
Tom
I believe the ability to help students plan for future is more important.
Jerry
In my opinion, the ability to encourage students to learn on their own outside of the classroom can be essential.
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For me, helping students in need can be more important. Manifestly, students falling behind are apt to suffer from a low self-esteem, which means that they can find it a disgrace to lose face in front of their peers. Almost with exception, these students would try their best to stay under the radar and try to bury their problems in the dark. Under this circumstance, a teacher with a perceptive mind can play a key role in discovering the problem before it gets worse, so that the troubled kid could get proper help. According to a survey, __. For those reasons, a qualified teacher must have the ability to recognize which student needs help and offer that help.

二选一模板：分类讨论、给出案例

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Dr.Diaz
We are all exposed to a lot of advertising, especially on the internet. And of course businesses spend a lot of money to create and distribute advertising. Before next class, I would like for you to discuss this question:
Is advertising just a way of manipulating people to buy things they do not need, or is it an important source of information that helps people make informed consumer decisions?

Karen:
I don't think most people consider ads to be valuable. I read that in just one one year, from 2018 to 2019, the number of computers, tablets and and mobile phones using ad blockers increased from 142 million to 615 million.

Brad:
People can find out a lot about products from advertising. There's plenty of evidence that people usually begin the process of making a big purchase by looking at ads and reviews. I have to go to another class right now,but I'm going to post later about an advertisement that gave me a lot of useful information.
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I think whether advertising is valuable or not depends on its degree of customization and personalization. If big data and other new advanced technologies can really help us to receive the ads we really want, I think in this way, ads will be beneficial. For example, if you are a female college student who likes K-pop, when you are browsing the websites, some ads about BTS concerts pop up, you may not feel that unhappy, instead, you may choose to click the ads and buy the concert tickets. However, if a sea of ads about football show up, you may feel angry and see them with no value.

变式一：

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Dr Who
Some people think it's all bad for children to watch TV, others believe watching TV can bring positive effects on children, discuss both and give your own opinion.
Tom
Watching TV is all bad for children.
Jerry
Watching TV can bring positive effects on children.

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I’d like to believe that whether TV is good or bad is determined by how parents manage it. If parents can designate some educational programs, positive effects would be maximized. In detail, there are plenty of programs which can expand children’s knowledge and spark their interest in exploring the world where they may not have the opportunity to visit in real life, such as the nature and wild life. For example, a famous artist named __. However, if children watch some programs which are not proper for them, like advertisements about extravagant lifestyle and news on emergency and disasters, they are prone to be jealous and pessimistic.

变式二：

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Dr Who
It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.
Tom
I think punishment is necessary.
Jerry
I believe that punishment can be counterproductive.
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From my perspective, to some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached, however, a child should be punished and discouraged from bad behaviour. This firm approach will make children learn the difference between right and wrong, which might entail many positive influence on their future development. For example, a famous writer __.

二选一模板：一捧一踩、泛指举例

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Dr. Gupta
As I mentioned in class, governments make public policies to describe their responses to various problems that affect a community. Part of this process involves setting and defending priorities about which issues deserve the most attention and resources.For example.governments need to decide whether they should spend more money on education or on environmental protections. If you were a policy maker, which issue would you argue is more important-education or environmental protections? Why?

Sara B.
We all live on planet Earth, and it is the only planet we have.Therefore, we must take care of it. Clearly,protecting the environment should be the government's priority over education.I think the REAL question is,which approach to protecting the environment-restricting pollution, regulating population, promoting clean energy, or something else-should be the government's priority.

Taehyun O.
I disagree with Sara that that the environment is more important than education. Education is actually the best way to protect the environment. Educated people can see how their decisions affect the world around them.
Also, with better science and technology education, we can develop solutions to environmental problems.Therefore, I think the government should spend more money on education.
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I agree with Sara when she said that protecting the environment should be a priority over education. Although I can see Taehyun's point that education can include educating people to protect the environment better, I think the process would be too slow for any meaningful change, which is immediately needed now. It could take years for education to affect the environment, and in that time, our planet could become unlivable or at least be filled with droughts, rising sea levels, and other natural disasters. There will be less overall suffering from focusing on environmental protections now so that education can be a priority later.

模板分析：

【I agree with AAA when she said that ___】

【Although I can see BBB’s point that ___, I think _ _ _. 】

【进一步解释不行的原因】

【举例】

【总结，重申主张】

变式一：

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Dr Who
Some people believe that studying at university is the best route to a successful career, while others believe
that it is better to get a job straight after high school. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Tom
Studying at university can have academic knowledge.
Jerry
Getting a job straight after high school is meaningdul for accumulating experience.
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I agree with Jerry when he said that having a job straight after high school can make young people get practical skills like _和不同的人打交道_, _处理各种突发情况_ and _解决各种问题_, which are helpful for having an successful career. 
Although I can see Tom’s point that academic knowledge is also important, I think this kind of knowledge is indirect, which means that it could take years for students to put it into practice. In this case,they may lose many opportunities in their career. Just think that a young job-seeker __. Therefore, getting a job after high school should be recommended.

变式二：

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Dr Who
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Ambition is an important quality for people.
Tom
Ambition can help people finish goals.
Jerry
Stress is an inherent part of being ambitious.
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I agree with Tom. In fact, ambitious people tend to devote themselves to achieving their goals. With enthusiasm to their work or study, they can be more self-disciplined and self-motivated than those who have less desire for success. When met with hardships, those people with high ambition often show more courage and determination to win against the barriers, so they are more likely to overcome the fierce competition and defeat their formidable rivals.
Although I can see Jerry’s point that stress is unavoidable, I believe that stress can bring about motivation. Without pressure, people’s development may have stagnated. Just think that a person __. Therefore, ambition is an important quality for people.

（五）例题

一：

题目

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific solutions proposed in the reading passage.

原本的答案：

Birds are exposed to high risk of striking into the glass outside buildings because they cannot recognize the glass as obstacles. To cope with this issue, several suggestions are made in the passage but are doubted.
Firstly, the passage holds the opinion that using one-way glass can let birds understand that it’s a solid barrier. However, the professor points out that one-way glass will only function as a mirror which is not understandable for birds, and they will recognize it as a space.
Secondly, it’s suggested by the passage that using colorful lines or stripes painted on the outer-surface may work to keep birds off. But the professor raises a doubt that bird will view the opening areas between the lines as holes thus try to pass it. Otherwise, if the gaps between line are extremely small, the interior of building will be too dark.
Thirdly, from the passage’s point of view, applying electromagnets outside the building to emit magnetic signals to guide the birds away can work. But the professor opposites this perspective by pointing out that birds only use earth magnetic field to find directions when travelling in long distance, which means that when facing a building, birds still use light to sensor thus the approach may not be effective.

GPT修改后：

Birds are at high risk of striking glass windows on buildings because they cannot recognize the glass as an obstacle. To address this issue, several suggestions are made in the passage, but they are also questioned.
Firstly, the passage suggests that using one-way glass could help birds understand that it is a solid barrier. However, the professor points out that one-way glass functions merely as a mirror, which birds cannot comprehend, and they may instead perceive it as open space.
Secondly, the passage proposes that painting colorful lines or stripes on the exterior of the building could prevent birds from flying into the glass. However, the professor raises a concern that birds might view the gaps between the stripes as passages and attempt to fly through them. On the other hand, if the stripes are too closely spaced, the interior of the building will become excessively dark.
Lastly, the passage suggests using electromagnets outside the building to emit magnetic signals that would guide birds away. However, the professor disagrees, pointing out that birds use the Earth’s magnetic field for long-distance navigation, and they rely more on light when approaching buildings. Therefore, this method may not be effective.

参考答案：

The reading mainly talks about that since glass is very dangerous to birds, so there are several ways to prevent from harming them. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons.

Firstly, in the reading, it is said that we can use one-way glass to replace the regular ones. In contrast, the listening holds a view that the surface of that kind of glass is like a mirror which can’t be understood by birds. That is to say, if they see a reflection of the sky or tree in a mirror, they’ll fly right into them.

Secondly, the passage asserts that we can paint some colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that birds will consider those unpainted openings as open holes and they’ll try to fly right through them. In case of birds doing so, the unpainted spaces in a window would have to be very small, but that would then make the rooms of the buildings too dark to stay in.

Finally, the author of reading passage believes that creating an artificial magnetic field to guide birds away from buildings. On the other hand, the professor disagrees it with the point that birds only use earth’s magnetic when they are travelling very long distances. To state if more clearly, birds can use their magnetic sense to migrate, use eyes and brightness of light to navigate for short trips.

模板总结：

The reading mainly talks about that since _ _ , so _ _. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong reasons.

Firstly, in the reading, it is said that _ _ _. In contrast, the listening holds a view that _ _ _. That is to say, _ _ _.

Secondly, the passage asserts that _ _ _. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion that _ _ _. In case of _ _ _, _ _ _.

Finally, the author of reading passage believes that _ _ _. On the other hand, the professor disagrees it with the point that _ _ _. To state if more clearly, _ _ _.

二：

Directions:

Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words

Question:

Workers are more satisfied when they have many different types of tasks to do during the workday than when they do similar tasks all day long. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

托福
#写作
托福写作指南
http://www.heihet09.com/blog/2025/02/12/托福写作指南/
作者
heihe
发布于
2025年2月12日
许可协议