Some people like to use smartphone to check for directions, while others like to ask people around. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your responses.
参考答案一：两点式答题
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中心句： I guess using my smartphone toget directions appeals more to me fortwo reasons.
支持的原因： For one thing, following the directions given by my smartphone can be more **convenient**. Nowadays, cellphone APPs like Google Maps can update the real-time road conditions, so I will be able to avoid traffic jam, especially during rush hours. I bet even the best guides cannot do so, don’t even mention ordinary people ontheroad.
For another, I feel that this is a more reliable way toget around. Sometimes, if you were not lucky, people around might give you a wrong direction, which would be really time-consuming. However, cellphone maps can always lead you totheright place aslongas you getthe correct name or address.
**(Optional) Conclusion**: As I have said before, **I am fond of** usinga cell phone instead of asking others for directions.
参考答案二：一点式故事答题
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If I were to choose betweenthe two, I would definitely go formy smartphone.
This is because I feel that using my cellphone apps like Google Maps is more reliable than asking others. Sometimes, if you were not lucky, people around might give you a wrong direction, which would be really time-consuming.
Like last summer, I went to Beijing for a business trip, and unfortunately got lost onthe road. Even worse, my phone was dead atthattime, so I had no choice butto ask a local person for direction. The guy was really nice and even drew me a map.
But you know what, I ended up circling aroundfor half an hour under the sun until I could finally find my destination. That was really a miserable experience.
例二：
Some students prefer to make friends with people who are about the same age. Other students prefer to make friends with people of different ages. Which one do you prefer and why?
参考答案：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The way I see it, it's better formeto make friends of different ages.
By doing this, I will be able to expand my outlooks by communicating with people from different backgrounds.For those who are older than me, they have rich life experiences. Whenever I encounter some problems inthe workplace/my study, they can help me see things from different aspects andthen come up with better solutions.
As for people who are younger than me, I also enjoy hanging out with them. This is because I can not only relax a bit but also know more about what’s trendy today, like sharing the latest fashion news and talking aboutthe new movies and concerts.
(Optional) Conclusion: As I have said before, I am fond of making friends of different ages.
2. 题型二：观点类
答题原则：
是否同意某观点
开门见山 告诉考官你同意还是不同意。
从 1-2 个层面 来解释原因。
例一：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University library should be open to the public. Use specific reasons and examples to support your responses.
参考答案：
1 2 3 4 5
I don’t really think universities should open their library to the general public.
The main reason is that it’s not fair to university students. As we all know, university tuition fees are not cheap. A lot of students have to rely on student loans, and it takes several years for them to pay offall their debts after working. If everyone can simply walk in university library, read books, and borrow some back home, students will feel so unfair and upset.
Andalso, allowing the publicin the university library can be a waste of the limited academic resources. What if the books that students need to use for their papers, projects, or research are being taken bylocal people who just readfor fun?
例二：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Good teachers admit they have mistakes or don’t know something. Use specific reasons and examples to support your responses.
参考答案
1 2 3
Good example: junior high — Math teacher Mr. Lee — simple mistake — pointed out by a classmate → laughed & apologized → × horrible
Bad example: junior high — Math teacher Mr. Lee — simple mistake — pointed out by a classmate → shouted at us → “Mr. Fake”
（二）综合口语
1. 题型一：校园改善类话题
总体概述
一篇有关校园主题的阅读 45s - 50s
一段有关以上话题的对话（回应和评论）
考生需要在阅读题的背景下，概述听力部分讲话人的主要观点和原因
答题模板：
给出 学校/学生/教授 对某个问题或者情况的 观点或者对应计划 / 提出的建议 • In the reading, the university plans/decides to do … • In the reading, the university announces that … • In the letter, a student/professor proposes that the university should …
In the conversation, the woman/man thinks it’s a good idea.
In the conversation, however, the woman/man disagrees with this idea.
技巧：
努力寻找听力部分主要谈话者的两个原因，他们通常会和阅读中学校的两个原因相匹配。
答题时把主要精力和更多的时间放在 总结听力部分说话人 的意见和原因上。
如果有能力，尽量使用自己的语言。
例一：
文本部分：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
**Subject: Additional Class for Teaching Assistants**
Dear Graduate Teaching Assistants,
The university is making an effort to improve the classroom experience and reduce undergraduate course sizes. Thus, as graduate teaching assistants in the sciences, starting next semester, you will be expected to teach one additional undergraduate course each semester in addition to the course you teach now. This will allow large classes to be split into smaller classes, so undergraduate students can receive more individual attention from teachers. Spending more time in the classroom will also provide an opportunity for you to improve your teaching skills, which could be useful for many of you in the future.
Thank you, Professor John Biddleton
听力部分：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Man: Did you see that email from Professor Biddleton? Woman: Yeah, I did, and I think it's a great idea. Man: Really, even though it’ll be more work? Woman: Yeah, even so. I think it’ll end up being really positive. I teach a chemistry class, and there are so many students, it’s hard to answer everyone’s questions. I can only getto a few students everyclass, and I feel bad. Man: Yeah, I know what you mean. I hate just lecturing without answering my student’s questions. Woman: Right. So I feel like the students and I would be able to exchange ideas and really connect since there won’t be so many of them. Man: Absolutely. Woman: Plus, it will also be good for us, like he said. Man: In what way? Woman: Well, forme, I’m teaching one course this semester, butit’s the only chance I’ve had to teach since I’ve been here. Other than that, most ofmy graduate work involves helping students inthe lab, which is great. But I’m actually interested in being a professor inthe future, and a lot ofmy classmates are, too. Man: Yeah, I think that’s a goal for a lot of graduate students here. Woman: Right, yeah! So assisting in a lab isn’t necessarily the most useful experience, so I think he’s right that this will be helpful later on.
The woman expresses her opinion about the plan described in the email, briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.
参考答案：
1 2 3
The professor plans to arrange one extra additional class for teaching assistants, so undergraduate students can receive more individual attention in smaller classes, and teaching assistants can improve their teaching skills.
The woman inthe conversation agrees with this. Firstly, it’s a positive thing for students. This semester, the woman teaches a chemistry class. There are so many students, so it’s hard for her to answer all their questions. If the class size is smaller, she can exchange ideas with undergraduate students. Also, this is good for teaching assistants. For example, the woman teaches one class which is the only chance she has. The other time, she can just help students inthe lab, which is not really useful because most graduate students want to be a professor inthe future.
例二：
文本部分：
1 2 3 4 5 6
University Should Change Dormitory Room Pricing
Students who live in older dorms currently pay the same amount of rent as the students who live in newer dorms. I don’t think that’s fair. I think the university should charge less for rooms in older dorms. Rooms in older dorms are small and outdated; rooms in newer dorms are large and have modern features. Also, some students may want to reduce their living expenses, and if certain dorms were priced more cheaply, they would have a way to save money by choosing to live in cheaper dorms.
Sincerely, Javier Orozco
听力部分：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Woman: Did you see Javier’s letter inthe paper today? Man: Yeah. What do you think? Woman: I’m not so crazy about the idea. Man: Why not? Woman: Well, forone thing, yeah it’s true that the rooms inthe older buildings aren’t quite as spacious, but they have some really nice features like arched doorways and wooden floors, and they have a nice, warm, comfortable feeling. Man: Emm yeah, that’s a good point. Woman: Yeah plus, I live in Williams Hall, which is pretty new, only a couple of years old. And it’s really far fromthe center of campus. So it takes me awhiletogetto classroom buildings andtothe library and other stuff. Man: Emm yeah. That’s true. You do also have to consider the location. Woman: Yeah, the older buildings were built first, so they’re located rightinthe heart ofthe campus. I lived inone my first year here, and I could getto everything really quickly. But this year I have to leave like 20 minutes earlier togetto classes or whatever. Man: Okay, but I think he still has a good point about giving people options. You know if they want to cut back. Woman: Huh I don’t know. If you want to live onless, thereareotherwaystodothat. Man: Like what? Woman: Well, Housing’s notthe only expense ina student’s budget. For example, there’s also food. I’ve saved quite a bit this year just by buying my own food and cooking itinthe dorm kitchen instead of buying a meal plan fromthe dining hall. Man: And you really save a lot of money by doing that? Woman: Oh, absolutely. I spend like half of what I’d pay fora meal plan inthe dining hall. So there are definitely other ways to cut costs if you want.
The woman expresses her opinion about the proposal described in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal then state her opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.
参考答案：
1 2 3
A letter froma student suggests that the university should charge less for rooms in older dorms, because older ones are small and outdated. Second, some students can save money by choosing cheaper dorms.
The woman inthe conversation, however, disagrees with this proposal. First, the rooms in older buildings have some nice features like arched doorways and wooden floors, which give a warm and comfortable feeling. Plus, new dorms are located far away fromthe campus center, so it takes at least extra 20 minutes forthe woman to walk to classroom buildings, library and other places. Second, there are other ways for students to cut costs. For example, buying ingredients and cooking by herself, the woman has saved half ofthe money compared with buying a meal plan inthe dining hall.
例三：
文本部分：
1 2 3
Solar Energy on Campus
The university is proud to announce anew step in its initiative to adopt more environmentally friendly practices on campus: the upcoming installation of solar panels on the roof of the student center. The large, flat roof of the student centerisan ideal location since it receives a lot of sunlight, andso it should enable the university to capture large amounts of energy and dramatically reduce energy costs on campus. To make room for the panels, the outdoor seating area currently on the student center roof will be removed. This is not expected, however, tobean inconvenience to students since many students avoid sitting there anyway because of the hot sun.
听力部分：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Woman: Hey, did you see this? Man: Yeah I did. Overall, I think it’s a great idea. I do think something like this will definitely help. Woman: Yeah! Well, we’ve definitely got the right climate forit. Man: Right? Exactly. It’s so bright and sunny the majority oftheyear. And they picked a good location for sure. Woman: Tons of sun up there. Man: And with all the hot weather we get, too, I’m sure the university spends a fortune on air conditioning. Woman: That’s true. So many big buildings, probably pretty expensive to cool. Man: Exactly. So I getthat this would help andthe location makes sense in terms ofthe sun, but you know... Woman: What aboutthe seating? Man: Exactly. I’m not so sure about losing that. Woman: I was thinking the same thing, and I was actually surprised that they think we don’t really use thatspace. Man: Yeah, they’re probably just looking atitin terms ofthe sun and all. It really doesget hot up there during theday. But what aboutthe evening? Woman: I agree. It’s such a nice spot to see the sunset andthe views are really neat. Man: Exactly. You can see all of campus from up there. It’s nice attheendofthedayto spend sometime there after being inclassorthe library all day, having a place to sit outside inthe fresh air. Woman: Yeah, I agree. Man: So I guess that’s why I kind of have mixed feelings aboutit. Overall, I think the plan is a good idea. Woman: Just not losing thespacefor them to do it. Man: Exactly.
The man expresses his opinion about the plan described in the article. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state his opinion about the plan and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.
参考答案：
1 2 3
The university decides to install solar panels on the roof of the student center, as this largeand flat area is an ideal place to capture energy and save costs, and the outdoor seating on the roof will be removed without causing any inconvenience for students.
The man thinks it’s a good idea in general but has mixed feelings. On the one hand, it’s bright and sunny throughout the year, which is a good locationto install the panel. Andalso the university has to spend a fortune on air conditioning to cool offall the big buildings. On the other hand, he isnot really sure about losing all the seating on the roof. It istrue that it’s very hot during the daytime, but in terms of evenings, students enjoy looking at the sunset and enjoy the viewof the whole campus up there. It’s a nice place for students togetsome fresh air after a whole day in the classroom or the library.
2. 题型二：学术概念类话题
总体概述：
读一篇有关某个学术概念的阅读（抽象）
听一段有关以上学术概念的讲座（具体）
考生作答时必须结合阅读中的概念和听力中的例子或应用。
答题模板：
1. 解释阅读中出现的主题:
The reading is about + 阅读标题, which refers to + 主题定义 which means that + 主题定义
阅读标题 means that + 主题定义（推荐）
2. 解释听力中出现的原因
In the example given by the professor, …
In the lecture, the professor gives an example/experiment to explain this.
Prey animals have a variety of adaptations and strategies that help protect their species against predators. One adaptation some prey species have isthat all individuals reproduce atthe same time, so that new members ofthat particular species are introduced to an area all at once, which makes it difficult for predators to kill off the entire population ofthat species. This is called predator satiation, andit sometimes occurs with prey animals that have no other defenses or means of protecting themselves. Although many individual animals will not survive, others will, so predator satiation ensures the survival ofthe prey species as a whole.
听力:
1 2 3
So one well known example of this involves an insect called the cicada. Now, cicadas have a strange life cycle. Cicadas within the same region all lay their eggs at the same time, and as soon as the eggs hatch, the offspring, the young cicadas, burrow underground and stay there for most of their lives for years and years, actually growing and maturing underground. But then, after a certain number of years, all the cicadas come above ground all at once, and they emerge in astonishing numbers, millions of cicadas all appearing at the same time.
And if you’ve ever been around cicadas when they appear, you’ll know just how many come out and how loud they are. Now these are really easy prey. They don’t have sharp teeth or stingers, and they’re not very good at flying. They also have some brightly colored body parts, orange wings and red eyes, so they’re easy to see. So other animals in the area like birds and snakes take the opportunity to eat their fill of cicadas when they emerge. But the thing is, there are so many cicadas, which means plenty of cicadas don’t get eaten, and those are able to mate and reproduce, and the cycle repeats all over again.
Explain how the example of cicadas illustrates the concept of predator satiation.
参考答案：
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Predator satiation is an adaptation some prey species have, which means that all individuals give birth to their young atthe same time, so it’s difficult for predators tokill off the entire species.
For example, Cicadas withinthe same region lay their eggs atthe same time. As soon asthe offspring gets hatched, the young cicadas live underground for many years. After a few years, millions of cicadas just come out atthe same time.
Cicadas are easy prey because they don’t have sharp teeth or stingers, and they are not good at flying. Also, they have brightly colored body parts (like orange wings and red eyes), so it’s easy for their predators, like birds and snakes, to see them. But there are too many cicadas, so plenty of them don’t get eaten. The surviving young cicadas can mate and reproduce andthe cycle repeats again.
例二：
文本部分：
1 2
Seagoing Fish Most fish spend their entire lives inone environment. However, young fish and adult fish may have different survival needs. Thus, certain kinds of fish stay in freshwater when they are young, andthen migrate, or travel, to salt water once they reach a certain age. Species of fish that exhibit this behavior are known as seagoing fish. When seagoing fish are young, they have the best chance of survival ina freshwater environment. However, as they get older, a saltwater environment meets their survival needs better. In this way, moving froma freshwater toa saltwater environment as they mature helps seagoing fish to survive.
听力部分：
1 2 3
Okay. So a good example is a type of salmon that scientists have studied in Japan. These salmon breed in rivers, and the baby salmon hatch in these rivers, and the young salmon continue to live in the rivers for a few years, until they grow to their full size. The rivers are good places for young salmon to live, because the water is shallower than in the ocean. So most really big fish, fish that might eat them, don’t live in the rivers because the rivers aren’t deep enough. Even if there are some big fish, the young salmon can hide on the rocks or the roots of plants growing in the river, more easily than they would out in the open ocean.
The young salmon can quickly swim up to the surface from its hiding places to eat an insect on the surface, before darting back down into safety. So scientists think the young salmon are safer from predators in rivers than they would be in the ocean. But then, once the salmon grow larger and more mature and become less vulnerable to predators, they travel to the ocean, because when they are mature, they eat more than just little insects. They eat other sea creatures for food that they can find in the ocean, but not in the rivers. So if they go to the ocean, the salmon can find more food more easily and grow bigger and stronger. The salmon eventually returned to the rivers to breed and spawn more baby salmon.
Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept of seagoing fish.
参考答案：
1 2 3
The reading isaboutthe seagoing fish, which means that certain kinds of fish spend their childhood in fresh water and migrate to salt water when they reach a certain age.
The professor takes salmon as an example. The salmons live in river for a few years before they grow into full size. For young salmon, the river is shallower than the ocean, so there are fewer big predators that might eat baby salmon. Even if there are still some big fish, the young salmon can hide behindthe rocks orinthe roots of river plants. Meanwhile, they can reach the surface of river to eat insects before quickly darting backtothe hiding places. When salmon are mature, they can swim to ocean because they need more food than insects, and they can prey on other sea creatures more easily inthe ocean. At one point, they will returnthe river to bred and spawn baby salmon.
例三：
文本部分：
1 2
The Focusing Illusion Various factors of people's work and life situations can have an effect on their overall satisfaction in life. However, when considering their level of satisfaction in life, people may not realize that they may sometimes focus on and exaggerate the importance of only one particular factor that makes them happy or unhappy, while ignoring others. This phenomenon is known as the focusing illusion, since it causes people to believe in the illusion that just one factor in their life is responsible for their happiness or unhappiness. This can lead people to make bad decisions.
听力部分：
1 2 3
Okay, so let me give you an example. I have a nephew who, until recently, lived in the midwest of the United States in Chicago. He had a good job there working for a company he liked and had a lot of friends living in Chicago, and they’d get together and have fun on the weekends, and he had a pretty nice apartment. So all in all, it was a good situation for him and he seemed pretty content with things, most of the time. But last year, the city had a particularly bad winter. There was a lot of snow and cold temperatures and people didn’t go out as much, and he had to really bundle up to face the cold weather. And when I spoke with my nephew on the phone, because we talk regularly, he said the weather was making him unhappy, that it was too miserable and cold.
And even though he had other good things in Chicago, a good apartment, a nice job, friends, the main thing he talked about was the weather. And because of the weather that winter, he actually ended up moving to a place with a warm climate. He got a job offer in southern California and went ahead and took the job and relocated there. He knew it was sunny and warm there and he thought he’d be happier in a warm place. But as it turns out, he now misses Chicago because he doesn’t actually like his new job or apartment as much and doesn’t have as many friends in California. So if he’d given more thought to those other parts of his life, he might have made a different decision.
参考答案：
1 2 3
The reading is about the focusing illusion, which means that when considering their levelof satisfaction in life, people only focus onand exaggerate only one particular factor that makes them happy or unhappy.
In the lecture, the professor gives an example to illustrate this. His nephew lived in Chicago beforeand had a good job, friends to hang outwithand a very nice apartment. Allof which made him feel content with his life, but last year, there was a particular bad winter with heavy snow, so people didn’t go outas much and he had to bundle up to deal with the bad weather. When talking to the professor, his nephew only complained about the miserable weather without thinking about all the good stuff he had. Later he moved to southern California where has a much warmer temperature and thought life would be better, but it turns out that now he misses everything in Chicago because he doesn’t like the new job or the apartment, andalso he doesn’t have many friends in the new place.
3. 题型三： 常规两点式
基本概述：
在一开始，教授会在几句话内提出一个讨论的主题。
随后，教授会提出与此主题相关的两个方面，每一个方面都会有一到两句话对其进行总结。
每一个方面，教授会给出非常具体的例子。
考生作答时需要描述此主题，以及相应例子
其中的两方面可以是：
一个问题的两种解决方法
一个物品或方法两种使用方式
一个程序的两个步骤
一个原因造成的两种结果
一个概念的两种定义
答题模板：
Topic In the lecture, the professor + 改写原题
Example 1 First, 第一条细节内容
Example 2 Second, 第二条细节内容
技巧：
开头第一句话直接改写原题。
用一个句子去概括总结关于此话题的每一个方面，这样的句子通常在原文中就会出现。
注意多花时间描述每一个方面后面的例子。
如果发现描述概念或者方面比较困难，那努力去总结例子。
例一：
听力部分：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Introduction: So, of course, in any company, you're going to have some turnover. That is, from time to time, you're going to have employees leaving the company for one reason or another. They may get a better job offer at another company. They may move away to another city. They may retire and so on. A certain amount of turnover is unavoidable, but it's usually in a company's best interest to do all that they can to prevent it, because there are problems associated with it.
Problem 1: Financial Costs One problem with employee turnover is that when a company loses an employee, it can cost the company a lot of money. In most cases, the employee will need to be replaced, which can take time. While the position's vacant, the company may produce less and profits may suffer. But let's take a company that makes furniture, for instance. Say one of the employees leaves, an employee who actually builds the furniture. Well, making furniture is a special skill, so it might be difficult to find someone else who could do the same job, which means the company won't make as many pieces of furniture, so they won’t make as much money.
Problem 2: Negative Impact on Other Employees Turnover can also have a negative effect on the other employees. They might not be able to work as effectively. When one employee leaves, the other employees may find it difficult to work as well without that employee’s help, which may have a negative impact on the company as a whole. For example, think about an advertising agency which needs creative employees who can come up withnew ideas for advertisements. If an employee leaves and she was an important contributor to this creative team, well, the rest of the team may be less creative without her input. It’ll be harder for them to think of good ideas for advertisements.
Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two problems associated with employee turnover.
标准答案
1 2 3 4 5
In the lecture, the professor explains two problems of employee turnover.
First, it can cost the company a lot of money when it loses employees. For example, ifa furniture company loses an employee building the furniture, it is hard to find someone elsetoreplace him because this job needs skills. In this way, the company may produce fewer pieces of furniture and lose profits.
Second, other employees may work less effectively. For instance, an advertising agency loses an employee who happens to be the main contributor tothe creative team. Without the help of that particular employee, the other people inthe team may feel that it’s difficult for them to come up with good ideas.
例二：
听力部分：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Introduction: People often work in groups or teams to accomplish workplace tasks. And some groups are able to work together more effectively than others. Researchers have determined that one important characteristic of effective groups is a sense of psychological safety, a feeling that the group environment is a safe place for people to take a chance and express themselves openly. So how can group leaders help create an atmosphere of psychological safety within their teams?
Point 1: Acknowledging Mistakes Well, one way tocreate psychological safety isforgroup leaders to acknowledge the possibility that they themselves make mistakes. If team members see their leaders capable of making errors, they will feel greater trust in their leader and feel safe making mistakes themselves while they’re on the job. For example, at a group meeting, a leader may tell his group that a new product he had an idea for was unsuccessful and did not sell well, so the company was discontinuing it. His willingness to openly acknowledge his mistaken judgment about the product success shows group members that they, too, can feel safe making errors.
Point 2: Valuing Team Members Beyond Work Another way tocreate psychological safety isforgroup leaders toshowgroup members that they are valuednot only as workers, but as people, to encourage them tobuild stronger relationships witheach other. A group leader can create opportunities forgroup members to interact more informally. For example, a group leader may start holding weekly lunches to give team members an opportunity to mix on a social basis. Such occasions make employees feel psychologically safe and secure by indicating that their leader values human as well as professional relationships.
Summarize the lecture. Be sure to explain psychological safety and discuss the professor’s points and examples.
标准答案:
1
The lecture is about psychological safety which refers to a feeling that the group environment is a safe place for people to take a chance and express themselves openly. There are two ways tocreate it. First, the group leader need to acknowledge their own mistakes. For example, a group leader can tell the whole group that the new product based on his own idea was not successful and it didn’t sell well, so the company decided to discontinue it. By openly acknowledging his own mistaken judgement, group members then would feel safe to make errors. The second way is that the group leader can show the members that they can notonly valued as workers but alsoas people. For instance, what the leader can doisto arrange weekly lunches to provide opportunities for members to mix socially, so that they can feel psychologically safe as the leader valuesboth human beings as well as professional relationships.
Point 1: Geographic Barriers Well, the most common way is the introduction ofa physical barrier, a geographic obstacle that ends up over time dividing one species intotwo separate groups. As the barrier grows and forms, it becomes harder forthetwo groups to interlingual, tothe point that eventually they’re only able to reproduce separately within their own separate groups. And they begin to develop their own unique characteristics after several generations, eventually evolving intotwo species. For example, think about the Grand Canyon inthe United States. As that gorge grew deeper and wider, it became difficult, at some point impossible, for small mammals like squirrels to cross it. And so that’s why today you find one species of squirrel witha gray tail ononesideoftheCanyonandawhitetailspeciesontheother.
Point 2: Environmental Conditions (Climate) Now, speciation can also occur because of differences in environmental conditions like climate. You see, withina single continuous area, there can be microclimates, small areas withinthe greater area where conditions are quite different climate wise which can affect the timing of reproduction, leading two groups ofa single species to gradually start reproducing at different times, eventually leading totwo different species. For example imagine a species of plant growing atthe top ofa large hill. Over timethe plants spread andstart growing atthe bottom ofthe hill too. Now atthe bottom it’s warmer and so the plants down there flower earlier inthe year than the ones growing atthe top. And thetwo groups don’t interbreed because they’re flowering at different times.
Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two common ways for speciation to occur.
参考答案：
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The professor talks about two common ways for speciation to occur. First is the introduction ofa physical barrier and geographic obstacle. For example, inthe Grand Canyon ofthe United States, as that gorge became deeper and wider at some point, it’s impossible for small mammals like squirrels to cross. Today, you can see the species of squirrel witha grey tail is ononesideofthecanyonwhilewhite-tailedspeciesontheother. Second is because ofthe differences in environmental conditions like climate. For example, there’s a species of plants growing both atthe top and bottom ofa hill. The bottom ofthe hill is warmer, so the plants there flower earlier than the ones grow atthe top. The two species cannot interbreed because they are flowering at different times.
4. 题型四：非常规两点式＆一点式
也就是题型三中，教授只给出了 与此主题相关的一个方面 及其具体例子 的情况
例一：
听力部分
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So in the first half of the twentieth century, with the invention of the automobile, people in some countries began to have greater mobility. And we’re now able to live farther away from the cities where they worked, but of course, new homes were needed in these places. And a common pattern for building homes at this time was something called ribbon development, where houses were built in continuous strips or ribbons alongside major roadways. Now this was convenient for the residents of those homes, because it gave them easy access to the main road. But eventually ribbon development caused problems, so that in some places, the government was forced to step in to limit it.
First of all, ribbon development created a practical problem. Early on, it seemed convenient to have houses constructed along the main roads, but as more people were driving cars and living in these areas, traffic congestion became a problem, which makes sense, right? With so many people entering and exiting the main road from their separate private residences, well, it slowed everything down, made travel less efficient for everyone, and this needed to be addressed. For example, in the 1930s, traffic along main roads near London had gotten so bad that the government passed a law. The law prevented the construction of new homes within two hundred feet of certain roads.
There were also aesthetic reasons for limiting ribbon development in areas with beautiful scenery that could be seen from the road, since remote scenic areas had become more accessible due to the automobile demand for housing in these areas increased, and builders would often just construct houses along the scenic road. But these homes ended up blocking the view and making the scenery less attractive for others who were passing through. For example, on some stretches of road along the coast in England, newly built homes blocked gorgeous views of rock cliffs and the ocean. So in order to limit development, the government began to purchase particularly beautiful land along these coastal roads and protect it from development.
Summarize the lecture about the impact of ribbon development. Be sure to include the professor’s examples.
参考答案：
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In the lecture, the professor talks about two negative impacts of ribbon development. Firstly, it brings about a practical problem which is the traffic congestion. With so many cars entering and exiting the main road from separate resident houses, it causes less efficiency in travel. For example, in1930s the traffic along main roads was so bad that the government passed a law to prevent the construction ofnew homes within200 feet of certain roads. Secondly, it also leads to aesthetic problem because the homes block the beautiful views. For example, inthe coast of England, newly-built homes blocked the gorgeous views of rock cliffs andthe ocean. In order to limit the development, the government had to purchase particularly beautiful land to protect them from development.
例二：
听力部分
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Now you may have noticed that different animals' eyes have different appearances. Why? It's interesting actually. You see, based on the kind of food an animal eats and how it gets that food, the animal has different needs in terms of eyesight and what it needs to see. And so over time, the structure of animals' eyes has evolved, specifically the shape of their pupils, you know, the dark areas in the center of the eye. Animals’ pupil shape has evolved to provide them with a kind of eyesight that's most beneficial for their particular survival needs.
So many predators need eyesight that allows them to judge distance accurately. This is important for their survival because they rely on hunting. They hunt their prey by hiding, waiting, watching it move. So these predators have eyes that allow them to focus on their prey and see it clearly in front of them. The eye is structured such that the center of their vision is sharp, and this helps them to accurately measure the distance at which their prey is located. So a snake, its pupils are narrow and go up and down. Having vertical pupils allows the snake to focus completely on what's in front of it, say a mouse, and to judge exactly when the mouse is close enough to catch.
But then prey animals, which need to avoid predators to survive, their eyes have evolved differently. Many prey animals are herbivores and spend a lot of time in open areas grazing on plants. This can make herbivores vulnerable since predators could come at them from all directions while they eat. So yeah, they don't need eyes that let them see their food source in front of them. They need eyes that expand their vision on either side so they can detect danger around them. Take goats. Goats have horizontal pupils that extend sideways from left to right. And these horizontal pupils give them a wide view of the field of grass they're standing in. So when their heads are down and they're eating grass, they can easily see any predators there may be in the field.
Summarize the professor’s lecture about animal eyes. Be sure to include the examples of the snake and the goat in your summary.
参考答案：
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The professor's lecture discusses how different animals' eyes have evolved based on their specific survival needs. Predators require accurate distance judgment for successful hunting while hiding, waiting, and watching preys’ movements, so their eyes are designed to concentrate on prey in front with a sharp center of vision. For instance, a snake's vertical pupils help it focus on prey, such as a mouse, and determine the right time to strike. In contrast, prey animals need to avoid predators to survive, so when herbivores are in the open area grazing plants, they need wide-angle vision to detect predators from various directions. Take goats as an example. Their horizontal pupils provide a broad view of the grassy field. This adaptation enables them to see potential predators while their heads are down eating grass.